Post-traumatic stress disorder is a psychiatric condition that emerges following exposure to actual or threatened death, serious injury, or sexual violence. Among its most pervasive and functionally impairing symptoms are severe sleep disturbances. Insomnia, hypervigilance, nightmares, and nocturnal flashbacks constitute a cluster of symptoms that can perpetuate the neurobiological dysregulation . . . Read more
Fibromyalgia is a chronic pain syndrome characterized by widespread musculoskeletal pain, fatigue, cognitive difficulties, and a range of somatic symptoms that significantly impair daily functioning. One of the central features of fibromyalgia that distinguishes it from other chronic pain conditions is the profound disruption of sleep architecture, particularly the abnormal . . . Read more
Parkinson’s disease is primarily known as a movement disorder, but its impact on sleep is profound and often underappreciated in both clinical practice and public discourse. Sleep disturbances affect the majority of individuals with Parkinson’s disease and can be as disabling as the motor symptoms that define the condition. The . . . Read more
Delirium is a serious and common complication of hospitalization, particularly in older adults and critically ill patients. Characterized by acute changes in attention, cognition, and consciousness that fluctuate over the course of a day, delirium is associated with prolonged hospital stays, increased mortality, accelerated cognitive decline, and significant distress for . . . Read more
International travel across multiple time zones is a routine part of modern professional and personal life, yet the physiological cost of rapid eastward or westward displacement remains significant. Jet lag disorder is a recognized circadian rhythm sleep-wake disorder that arises when the body’s internal clock is misaligned with the local . . . Read more
Apathy is among the most prevalent yet underrecognized behavioral symptoms in neurological and psychiatric disease. Characterized by diminished motivation, reduced goal-directed behavior, and decreased emotional engagement, apathy profoundly affects quality of life for patients and places enormous burden on caregivers. While often confused with depression, apathy is a distinct syndrome . . . Read more
Idiopathic hypersomnia is a chronic neurological sleep disorder defined by excessive daytime sleepiness that occurs despite adequate or even prolonged nighttime sleep. Unlike narcolepsy, with which it shares some superficial features, idiopathic hypersomnia does not involve cataplexy and is not associated with deficiency of the neuropeptide hypocretin. Despite this, the . . . Read more
Stroke is a leading cause of long-term disability globally, and while significant advances have been made in acute stroke care, the cognitive consequences that persist in survivors represent a major ongoing challenge. Post-stroke cognitive dysfunction encompasses a broad spectrum of impairments including memory deficits, attention problems, slowed processing speed, executive . . . Read more
Traumatic brain injury is a leading cause of long-term disability across age groups, from young adults injured in motor vehicle accidents or sports to older individuals who sustain falls. Beyond the immediate neurological consequences of injury, many survivors face persistent cognitive deficits that impair their ability to work, maintain relationships, . . . Read more
Chronic fatigue syndrome, also known as myalgic encephalomyelitis or ME/CFS, is a complex and often misunderstood medical condition characterized by profound, persistent fatigue that is not relieved by rest and is frequently worsened by physical or cognitive exertion. Patients with ME/CFS often describe a complete collapse of functioning that extends . . . Read more