Apathy is among the most prevalent yet underrecognized behavioral symptoms in neurological and psychiatric disease. Characterized by diminished motivation, reduced goal-directed behavior, and decreased emotional engagement, apathy profoundly affects quality of life for patients and places enormous burden on caregivers. While often confused with depression, apathy is a distinct syndrome . . . Read more

Idiopathic hypersomnia is a chronic neurological sleep disorder defined by excessive daytime sleepiness that occurs despite adequate or even prolonged nighttime sleep. Unlike narcolepsy, with which it shares some superficial features, idiopathic hypersomnia does not involve cataplexy and is not associated with deficiency of the neuropeptide hypocretin. Despite this, the . . . Read more

Stroke is a leading cause of long-term disability globally, and while significant advances have been made in acute stroke care, the cognitive consequences that persist in survivors represent a major ongoing challenge. Post-stroke cognitive dysfunction encompasses a broad spectrum of impairments including memory deficits, attention problems, slowed processing speed, executive . . . Read more

Traumatic brain injury is a leading cause of long-term disability across age groups, from young adults injured in motor vehicle accidents or sports to older individuals who sustain falls. Beyond the immediate neurological consequences of injury, many survivors face persistent cognitive deficits that impair their ability to work, maintain relationships, . . . Read more

Chronic fatigue syndrome, also known as myalgic encephalomyelitis or ME/CFS, is a complex and often misunderstood medical condition characterized by profound, persistent fatigue that is not relieved by rest and is frequently worsened by physical or cognitive exertion. Patients with ME/CFS often describe a complete collapse of functioning that extends . . . Read more

Depression is one of the most prevalent and debilitating mental health conditions worldwide, yet a substantial portion of patients do not achieve adequate relief from first-line antidepressant therapies. When multiple medication trials fail to produce meaningful improvement, clinicians begin exploring augmentation strategies, add-on approaches designed to enhance or restore the . . . Read more

Narcolepsy is a chronic neurological disorder that disrupts the brain’s ability to regulate sleep-wake cycles. People living with this condition often experience overwhelming daytime sleepiness that cannot be controlled through willpower or normal lifestyle adjustments. Among the pharmacological options available to clinicians, Adderall has emerged as a relevant tool in . . . Read more